Using uproot to open ROOT files

Last updated on 2024-12-16 | Edit this page

Estimated time: 20 minutes

Overview

Questions

How do I open a ROOT file with uproot?
How do I explore what is in the file?

Objectives

Use a different library than ROOT to open ROOT files
Get comfortable with a different way of examining ROOT files

Other resources

Before we go any further, we point out that this episode and the next are only the most basic introductions to uproot and awkward. There is a plethora of material that go much deeper and we list just a few here.

Official uproot documentation
HSF uproot and awkward tutorial
Uproot, awkward, and columnar analysis from Jim Pivarski.

How to type these commands?

There are many options for interacting with python scripts for CMS data analysis, including interactive tools like jupyter notebooks. In this exercise, we will stick to editing python scripts. For example, if you edited a file called hello_world.py such that it contained:

PYTHON

print("Hello world!")

You could save the file and then execute:

BASH

python hello_world.py

This would interpret your text file as python commands and produce the output:

OUTPUT

Hello world!

If you would prefer to use a jupyter notebook for these exercises, go to CERN’s SWAN facility and try the new interactive jupyter-lab interface (you can leave the other options to their defaults). From the options page, select a Python3 notebook.

Open a file

Let’s open a ROOT file! Call your script open_root_file.py and open it in your preferred text editor. On this webpage we will show small snippets of Python that you can add to your script one after the other, and run to see new output.

First we will import the uproot library, as well as some other standard libraries. These can be the first lines of your python script:

PYTHON

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pylab as plt

import uproot
import awkward as ak

Let’s open the file! We’ll make use of uproots use of XRootD to read in the file over the network. This will save us from having to download the file.

PYTHON

infile_name = 'root://eospublic.cern.ch//eos/opendata/cms/derived-data/AOD2NanoAODOutreachTool/ForHiggsTo4Leptons/SMHiggsToZZTo4L.root'

infile = uproot.open(infile_name)

Download the file?

If too many people are trying to open the same file, it may be easier to download the file to your laptop. You can execute the following command in the bash terminal.

PYTHON

curl http://opendata.cern.ch/record/12361/files/SMHiggsToZZTo4L.root --output SMHiggsToZZTo4L.root

Alternatively, you can follow this link to the data record on the CERN Open Data Portal. If you scroll down to the bottom of the page and click the Download button.

For the remainder of this tutorial you will want the file to be in the same directory/folder as your python code. So make sure you move this file to that location after you have downloaded it.

To read in the file, you’ll change one line to define the input file to be

PYTHON

infile_name = 'SMHiggsToZZTo4L.root'

Investigate the file

So you’ve opened the file with uproot. What is this infile object? Let’s add the following code

PYTHON

print(type(infile))

and upon running the script we get

OUTPUT

<class 'uproot.reading.ReadOnlyDirectory'>

We can interface with this object similar to how we would interface with a python dictionary.

PYTHON

keys = infile.keys()

print(keys)

OUTPUT

['Events;1']

But what is this?

PYTHON

events = infile['Events']

print(type(events))

OUTPUT

<class 'uproot.models.TTree.Model_TTree_v20'>

Ah, this is the TTree object that we learned a bit about in the previous episodes! Let’s see what’s in it!

PYTHON

branches = infile['Events'].keys()

for branch in branches:
    print(f"{branch:20s} {infile['Events'][branch]}")

OUTPUT

run                  <TBranch 'run' at 0x7faa76d2cdd8>
luminosityBlock      <TBranch 'luminosityBlock' at 0x7faa76d2cda0>
event                <TBranch 'event' at 0x7faa76d13748>
PV_npvs              <TBranch 'PV_npvs' at 0x7faa76d13e10>
PV_x                 <TBranch 'PV_x' at 0x7faa76d194e0>
PV_y                 <TBranch 'PV_y' at 0x7faa76d19ba8>
PV_z                 <TBranch 'PV_z' at 0x7faa76d212b0>
nMuon                <TBranch 'nMuon' at 0x7faa76d21978>
Muon_pt              <TBranch 'Muon_pt' at 0x7faa76d5c080>
Muon_eta             <TBranch 'Muon_eta' at 0x7faa76d5c6d8>
Muon_phi             <TBranch 'Muon_phi' at 0x7faa76d5ccc0>
Muon_mass            <TBranch 'Muon_mass' at 0x7faa76d582e8>
Muon_charge          <TBranch 'Muon_charge' at 0x7faa76d588d0>
Muon_pfRelIso03_all  <TBranch 'Muon_pfRelIso03_all' at 0x7faa76d58eb8>
Muon_pfRelIso04_all  <TBranch 'Muon_pfRelIso04_all' at 0x7faa76d4e4e0>
Muon_dxy             <TBranch 'Muon_dxy' at 0x7faa76d4eac8>
Muon_dxyErr          <TBranch 'Muon_dxyErr' at 0x7faa7443a0f0>
Muon_dz              <TBranch 'Muon_dz' at 0x7faa7443a6d8>
Muon_dzErr           <TBranch 'Muon_dzErr' at 0x7faa7443ad30>
nElectron            <TBranch 'nElectron' at 0x7faa74442358>
Electron_pt          <TBranch 'Electron_pt' at 0x7faa74442940>
Electron_eta         <TBranch 'Electron_eta' at 0x7faa74442f28>
Electron_phi         <TBranch 'Electron_phi' at 0x7faa7444a550>
Electron_mass        <TBranch 'Electron_mass' at 0x7faa7444ab38>
Electron_charge      <TBranch 'Electron_charge' at 0x7faa74451160>
Electron_pfRelIso03_all <TBranch 'Electron_pfRelIso03_all' at 0x7faa74451748>
Electron_dxy         <TBranch 'Electron_dxy' at 0x7faa74451d30>
Electron_dxyErr      <TBranch 'Electron_dxyErr' at 0x7faa74459358>
Electron_dz          <TBranch 'Electron_dz' at 0x7faa74459940>
Electron_dzErr       <TBranch 'Electron_dzErr' at 0x7faa74459f28>
MET_pt               <TBranch 'MET_pt' at 0x7faa7445f550>
MET_phi              <TBranch 'MET_phi' at 0x7faa7445fbe0>

There are multiple syntax you can access each of these branches.

PYTHON

pt = infile['Events']['Muon_pt']

# or 

pt = infile['Events/Muon_pt']

# or

pt = events.Muon_pt

# or

pt = events['Muon_pt']

We’ll use that last one for this lesson just to save some typing. :)

In the next episode we’ll use the awkward array object when we extract these data and see how we can use awkward in a standard-but-slow way or in a clever-and-fast way!

Key Points

You can use uproot to interface with ROOT files which is often easier than installing the full ROOT ecosystem.